Currently Schedule 9 (prohibited substance). TGA (Therapeutic Goods Administration) is reviewing psychedelic-assisted therapies; rescheduling discussions are ongoing.

Not a scheduled substance, so treatment sits in the same unregulated space as Mexico. Brazil is unusual in also having a physician-prescribed pathway: medical importation under ANVISA Resolution RDC No. 204, and hospital-based treatment described by the 2016 São Paulo State Council on Drug Policy (CONED-SP) statements.

Ibogaine is a controlled substance (Schedule III) but Health Canada has granted Special Access Program exemptions for therapeutic use in specific clinical settings.

Not specifically controlled. Retreats operate with limited regulatory oversight and outside of hospital settings.

Classified as a narcotic. No clinical framework for therapeutic use.

Iboga and Ibogaine are recognized as part of the national heritage. The Bwiti ceremony is protected cultural practice.

Controlled substance (Anlage I of the BtMG). No approved therapeutic use.

Not explicitly scheduled under Mexican law. Clinics operate in a legal grey area without the regulatory framework or hospital infrastructure available in Brazil.

Ibogaine is not on the Dutch controlled substances list. Some providers operate; regulatory clarity is limited.

Classified as a prescription medicine; ibogaine can be prescribed by licensed physicians for therapeutic use under medical supervision. Active academic research includes the University of Auckland's clinical studies on ibogaine for opioid dependence.

Personal drug use was decriminalized in 2001; Ibogaine is not specifically scheduled but remains in a grey area for clinical use.

Ibogaine is unscheduled and can be prescribed by licensed physicians. Several treatment centers operate legally with medical supervision.

Ibogaine is not specifically scheduled under Spanish law. ICEERS (International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Service) is based in Barcelona and supports clinical research on ibogaine and related plant medicines.

Class A controlled substance under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. No approved therapeutic pathway currently exists.

Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act since 1970. However, legislative momentum is building: bipartisan support in Texas and other states, along with advocacy from military veteran groups, is pushing for rescheduling and clinical access. Texas is funding a $50M ibogaine research initiative.

DMT is Schedule 9. The Ayahuasca brew is considered illegal. However, therapeutic psychedelic reforms in 2023 introduced TGA approval pathways for MDMA and psilocybin, with DMT potentially to follow.

Legal since 1987 for religious practice and cultural heritage. CONAD Resolution 01/2010 formally recognized Ayahuasca as part of Brazil's national cultural heritage and granted full legal protection to its religious and ceremonial use by indigenous and syncretic religious communities.

DMT is controlled under the CDSA. Religious communities have sought and in some cases received exemptions. Ceremonial use exists in a contested legal space.

Legal as part of indigenous and traditional ceremonial practice. The Constitutional Court has protected ceremonial use.

DMT is controlled but Ayahuasca is not specifically scheduled. Numerous retreat centers operate, though without formal regulatory oversight.

Personal drug use is decriminalized. Ayahuasca is not specifically scheduled, though DMT is controlled. Czech researchers are active participants in European psychedelic research.

Recognized as an ancestral medicine and cultural practice for indigenous communities. Ceremonial use is protected.

DMT is scheduled. Ayahuasca imports and ceremonies have been raided and prosecuted. No legal framework for ceremonial or therapeutic use.

DMT is a controlled substance. Ayahuasca brewing and possession are illegal under German narcotics law.

DMT is illegal, but the Ayahuasca brew has historically existed in a legal grey zone. Multiple court cases have produced inconsistent rulings.

Declared part of Peru's national cultural heritage in 2008. Ayahuasca ceremonies are widely practiced and internationally recognized as traditional medicine.

Personal use decriminalized. Ayahuasca ceremonies operate in a grey area, more tolerated than formally legal.

No specific prohibition on Ayahuasca as a brew, though DMT is controlled. Some ceremonial organizations operate. Legal status varies by region.

DMT is a controlled substance, but Switzerland hosts significant clinical research institutions studying psychedelic compounds. Ayahuasca ceremonies exist in a legal grey area alongside an active research culture.

DMT is Class A. Ayahuasca is considered a controlled preparation. No religious exemptions exist. Possession and supply carry serious criminal penalties.

DMT (the active compound) is Schedule I. However, two religious organizations, União do Vegetal (UDV) and Santo Daime, have received federal exemptions to use Ayahuasca as a sacrament. State-level decriminalization is expanding (Oregon, Colorado).

The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies has funded and published pivotal clinical trials on MDMA, psilocybin, and other psychedelic medicines, building the evidence base that legislators and regulators require to reform drug policy.

The International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Service provides direct legal support to individuals, communities, and organizations navigating prosecution related to Ayahuasca and other traditional plant medicines. It defends cultural and religious rights in courts across Europe and beyond.

Ayahuasca
Defense Fund

A program of ICEERS dedicated to protecting the religious freedom and legal rights of Ayahuasca practitioners and communities. The fund provides legal resources, supports test cases, and advocates for the recognition of Ayahuasca use as a protected religious and cultural practice under international law.

The Chacruna Institute for Psychedelic Plant Medicines bridges scientific research and public understanding. It publishes peer-reviewed journalism, advocates for indigenous practitioners' rights, and promotes equitable access to psychedelic plant medicines through education and policy engagement.